Check whether the filled entries of a Sudoku board violate any row, column, or subsquare rule. Zero denotes an empty cell and does not count as a placed digit. The board must be square with side length N whose square root is an integer, such as 1, 4, or 9. This validates existing entries; it does not solve the board or prove that a completion exists.
Validate the supported shape first
An empty board or empty first row is invalid. The row count must equal the column count, and the square root of that size must be a whole number. For a nine-by-nine board, each subsquare is three by three. For a four-by-four board, it is two by two. A two-by-two board has no integral subsquare side under this contract.
The course inputs are rectangular and use values from zero through N. A reusable validator accepting arbitrary external data should additionally check every row length and every cell's type and range. Shape shortcuts based on the first row alone are safe only under the rectangular-input promise. Keep those validation boundaries visible when adapting the implementation.
Track three kinds of membership
Allocate one seen collection per row, one per column, and one per subsquare. Scan the cells. Skip zeros. For a filled value, check the collections for its row, column, and subsquare. If any already contains that value, the board is invalid. Otherwise record it in all three.
For subsquare side s, cell (r, c) belongs to subsquare coordinates (floor(r / s), floor(c / s)). A one-dimensional tracker can flatten those coordinates into floor(r / s) * s + floor(c / s). The division groups adjacent rows and columns into blocks; using the remainder would group positions within blocks instead.
Trace violations independently
On a four-by-four board, values at (0, 0) and (0, 3) share a row but lie in different subsquares. Equal filled values there must fail the row check. Values at (0, 0) and (3, 0) instead test the column rule. Values at (0, 0) and (1, 1) share only the upper-left subsquare and test the block rule.
Those three cases prevent an implementation from passing merely because its example happened to contain a duplicate that violated several rules at once. Repeated zeros should remain valid, since empty cells can occur many times in a row, column, or block.
Prove the scan's result
Before visiting a cell, each tracker contains exactly the filled values already encountered in its corresponding region. A duplicate lookup therefore detects a real rule violation. Recording a previously absent value preserves that invariant. If the scan finishes without a duplicate, no region contains two equal placed values.
This is a local consistency check. A board can satisfy all these constraints and still be impossible to finish because its remaining candidates conflict. Solvability requires a search or a stronger constraint solver. Returning true here promises only that the currently filled entries obey the tested rules.
Count storage and test generalized sizes
The scan visits N² cells, with expected constant-time membership operations, for O(N²) time. Trackers may retain O(N²) entries in total. A fixed nine-by-nine puzzle makes the dimensions constant, but the generalized N-based bound explains the implementation's scaling. The board is read without changing its cells.
Test a valid incomplete board, a filled valid board, each isolated duplicate type, all zeros, one-by-one input, valid four-by-four input, and invalid shape sizes. Compare with an independent oracle that extracts each complete row, column, and subsquare, filters zeros, and compares its length with its distinct-value count. If broader input validation is required, add ragged rows and out-of-range values with explicit expected failures.
Swift implementation
The dictionaries track region membership while the board is read. Integer block coordinates follow the square-root shape check.
The course uses the class shown here and supplies any declared node classes. Swift arrays have value semantics with copy-on-write storage, while class instances such as linked nodes retain reference identity. Optional values require an explicit absence case. Keep the starter's argument labels when calling the method. Swift integer overflow traps, so expanded constraints require a checked arithmetic policy.
class Solution {
func isValidSudokuBoard(_ board: [[Int]]) -> Bool {
// Exit early if the board does not have a valid shape
if !hasValidShape(board) {
return false
}
return hasValidCells(board)
}
// The function to check for a valid shape is all constant time and space O(1)
private func hasValidShape(_ board: [[Int]]) -> Bool {
// We have an empty board, it is automatically invalid
if board.isEmpty || board[0].isEmpty {
return false
}
let rowCount = board.count
let columnCount = board[0].count
let isSquare = rowCount == columnCount
// The board is not a square, so we know it is invalid
if !isSquare {
return false
}
// For a board to be composed of sub-squares,
// the square root of `k` must be a whole number
let hasSubsquares = Double(rowCount).squareRoot().truncatingRemainder(dividingBy: 1) == 0
if !hasSubsquares {
return false
}
// All conditions are met, so it is a valid shape
return true
}
private func hasValidCells(_ board: [[Int]]) -> Bool {
// Get the dimensions of the board and sub-squares
let sizeOfBoard = board.count
let sizeOfSubsquare = Int(Double(sizeOfBoard).squareRoot())
// Create our one-dimensional array of hash tables for rows and columns
// (dictionaries are values in Swift, so each spot gets its own hash table)
var rows = [[Int: Int]](repeating: [:], count: sizeOfBoard)
var columns = [[Int: Int]](repeating: [:], count: sizeOfBoard)
// Create a two-dimensional array of hash tables
// where there is a separate hash table for each sub-square
var subsquares = [[[Int: Int]]](
repeating: [[Int: Int]](repeating: [:], count: sizeOfSubsquare),
count: sizeOfSubsquare
)
for row in 0..<sizeOfBoard {
for col in 0..<sizeOfBoard {
let cellValue = board[row][col]
// If we have a value, we need to add it to our hash tables
// and return false if a value already existed.
if cellValue > 0 {
// Since the sub-square tracker is a 2D jxj array,
// we need to normalize the coordinates by j
// (integer division rounds down here)
let subsquareRow = row / sizeOfSubsquare
let subsquareCol = col / sizeOfSubsquare
// Initialize and/or increment the cell value for the corresponding row, column, sub-square
//
// rows and columns are a 1-D array where we look for the cellValue in a hash table
rows[row][cellValue, default: 0] += 1
columns[col][cellValue, default: 0] += 1
//
// subsquares is a 2-D matrix
subsquares[subsquareRow][subsquareCol][cellValue, default: 0] += 1
// If the value is greater than 1, we have already seen this in the hash table
let hasRowDuplicate = rows[row][cellValue, default: 0] > 1
let hasColumnDuplicate = columns[col][cellValue, default: 0] > 1
let hasSubsquareDuplicate = subsquares[subsquareRow][subsquareCol][cellValue, default: 0] > 1
// Return if there are any duplicates
if hasRowDuplicate || hasColumnDuplicate || hasSubsquareDuplicate {
return false
}
}
}
}
// We iterated to the end and didn't find any duplicates
return true
}
}
Practice this implementation
Open Valid Sudoku Board to run the implementation against the course tests, then change one boundary condition and explain the first failing case. The editor supplies the starter signature and any node types or helper APIs used above. Copy the implementation into that environment; the snippet is the solution body, without the input parser or test driver. Your saved progress belongs to the original lesson.
For more Swift conventions and practice problems, use the Swift interview guide.